Economic Dispatch With Distributed Energy Resources: Co-Optimization of Transmission and Distribution Systems

The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution networks has turned conventionally passive load buses into active that can provide grid services for transmission system. To take advantage DERs networks, this letter formulates a transmission-and-distribution (T&D) systems co-optimization problem achieves economic dispatch at level and optimal voltage regulation by leveraging large generators DERs. A primal-dual gradient algorithm is proposed to solve optimization jointly T&D systems, market-based equivalent used practical implementation. results are corroborated numerical examples with IEEE 39-Bus system connected 7 different networks.